BUSL-IBC-057

Sub-Theme: Buddhism & Globalization: Challenges & Opportunities

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY IN ADDRESSING CHRONIC LONELINESS: A CASE STUDY

N.B. Pekhon¹*, D.D. Ywangan², J.Pekhon³

¹University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, 11600, Sri Lanka

²Byahmagu parahita Education Center, Ywangan, Myanmar

³Sutaungpyi Education Center, Taunggyi, 06101, Myanmar

*nandiya.ncc@email.com

 Extended Abstract

1. Introduction

Chronic loneliness has emerged as a major public health concern, having negative consequences for both mental and physical health (Mitjan Morr et al., 2022; Rokach & Patel, 2024). It is linked to physiological changes, mental health problems, cognitive decline, and maladaptive coping techniques (Rokach & Patel, 2024). The prevalence of loneliness varies by culture and is determined by age, health, family, finances, and social isolation (Langgapin et al., 2024). While numerous treatment approaches are available, there is growing interest in holistic interventions, such as Buddhist practices, which can give beneficial strategies for reducing loneliness (Langgapin et al., 2024). Integrating religious and mental health methods may improve the well-being of older people in Buddhist communities (Langgapin et al., 2024). To fight loneliness, a comprehensive approach is required that includes both individual-level interventions and population-level primary preventive efforts that target the root causes (Crowe et al., 2022).

This study investigates how Buddhist philosophy and practices can provide effective strategies for alleviating chronic loneliness, using a qualitative case study approach. By focusing on the experiences of two Buddhist monks who have experienced chronic loneliness, this research aims to uncover how Buddhist teachings can be applied to manage and potentially mitigate loneliness.

Research Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to explore the role of Buddhist philosophy in addressing chronic loneliness. The research seeks to answer the following questions: How do Buddhist monks perceive and experience loneliness? What aspects of Buddhist teachings and practices are most effective in addressing loneliness? And, how can these insights be applied to broader contexts outside of the monastic setting to help individuals cope with loneliness?

2. Methodology

This research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing in-depth interviews with two Buddhist monks, including Ven. Pandita, who have experienced chronic loneliness throughout their life. The methodology is grounded in a phenomenological framework to capture the lived experiences of the monks, allowing for a deep exploration of their narratives and reflections on loneliness. The case study approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of how Buddhist philosophy is applied in real-life contexts to manage feelings of isolation and disconnection.

Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, which allowed for flexibility in exploring various aspects of the monks' experiences while maintaining a focus on the central research questions. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis, identifying key themes related to loneliness, coping strategies, and the application of Buddhist teachings.

Case Description

The primary case focuses on Ven. U Pandita, is a 61-year-old Buddhist monk who has faced chronic loneliness since childhood. Ven. U Pandita's experiences are characterized by early life challenges, including the death of his father and economic hardships, which contributed to his feelings of isolation. As he transitioned into monastic life, he continued to experience loneliness, often exacerbated by misunderstandings with fellow monks and a sense of disconnection from his community.

Despite these challenges, Ven. U Pandita found solace in Buddhist teachings, particularly in understanding the Eight Worldly Conditions (Loka Dhamma), which emphasize the transient nature of life's circumstances. He also engaged in mindfulness practices and meditation, which helped him cultivate a sense of inner peace and resilience against feelings of loneliness. Additionally, Ven. U Pandita highlighted the importance of compassion and loving-kindness (metta) practices, which helped him foster positive connections with others and mitigate his sense of isolation.

3. Results and Discussion

Application of Buddhist Philosophy

The study reveals several Buddhist teachings and practices that are particularly effective in addressing chronic loneliness:

1. Understanding Three characteristics (anicca, dukkhu, and anatta) (anattalakkhaṇa sutta): The concept of impermanence (anicca) and non-attachment (asaṃyojana) plays a crucial role in helping individuals accept the transient nature of their emotions, including loneliness. By recognizing that feelings of loneliness are not permanent, individuals can cultivate a sense of equanimity and reduce the emotional distress associated with loneliness.
2. Mindfulness or Meditation (Mahasatipaṭṭhāna sutta): Mindfulness practices, such as Samatha and Vipassana meditation, enable individuals to become more aware of their thoughts and feelings without judgment. This awareness allows them to recognize the arising of loneliness and understand its impermanent nature, thereby reducing its intensity. Meditation also helps in developing concentration and calmness, which can alleviate the mental agitation often associated with loneliness.
3. Cultivating Brahmavihara (Metta, Karuna, mudita, and upekkha) (abhidhamma): The practice of metta, or loving-kindness, involves cultivating positive emotions and wishing happiness for oneself and others. This practice helps individuals counter feelings of isolation by fostering a sense of connection and goodwill toward others, reducing the emotional pain of loneliness.
4. Community or Sangha (Practicing fourteen duties of Monastic life and following Vinaya rules)- (vattakkhandhaka in Culavagga pali and other Vinaya rules): The importance of community (Sangha) is also emphasized in Buddhist teachings. Engaging with a supportive community can provide a sense of belonging and reduce feelings of loneliness. For the monks, participating in communal activities and fostering a sense of fellowship within the monastic community proved essential in addressing their sense of isolation.
5. Acceptance kamma and Letting Go (non-attachment) (culakammavibhanga sutta MN): Buddhist teachings encourage individuals to accept their current state without attachment to it. This acceptance is not passive but involves an active engagement with one's emotions and thoughts, allowing for a healthy detachment from the suffering associated with loneliness.

Discussion

The study’s findings suggest that Buddhist philosophy provides a robust framework for understanding and addressing chronic loneliness. The teachings and practices emphasized by Ven. U Pandita and the other monk offer practical strategies for managing loneliness that are both profound and accessible. By promoting self-awareness, emotional regulation, and a compassionate outlook, Buddhist practices provide individuals with tools to cope with loneliness more effectively.

Furthermore, the integration of individual and communal practices highlights the importance of a balanced approach to spiritual development. While solitary practices like meditation are essential for introspection and self-healing, communal engagement and social support are equally crucial in fostering a sense of belonging and reducing feelings of isolation. This dual approach is particularly relevant in contemporary settings, where social isolation and disconnection are becoming increasingly common.

The study also contributes to the broader discourse on the role of spirituality and religion in mental health. It underscores the potential of integrating Buddhist practices into therapeutic settings to address loneliness and other related mental health issues. The principles of mindfulness, compassion, and acceptance, as taught in Buddhism, align closely with modern psychological approaches, suggesting that a synthesis of these perspectives could offer comprehensive strategies for mental well-being.

4. Conclusion

This study concludes that Buddhist philosophy and practices offer valuable insights and strategies for addressing chronic loneliness. The experiences of Ven. U Pandita and Ven. Paṇḍicca demonstrate that Buddhist teachings can provide effective coping mechanisms that promote emotional resilience, self-awareness, and a sense of connection with others. These findings have significant implications for the broader application of Buddhist practices in secular settings and mental health interventions.

While the study's scope is limited to the experiences of two monks within a specific cultural and religious context, the insights gained offer a promising avenue for further research. Future studies could explore the application of Buddhist practices in diverse populations and settings to determine their broader applicability and effectiveness. Additionally, longitudinal research could provide deeper insights into the long-term benefits of these practices for individuals experiencing chronic loneliness.

In summary, Buddhist philosophy offers a holistic approach to understanding and managing loneliness, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness, compassion, and community. As the global prevalence of loneliness continues to rise, the teachings of Buddhism may provide valuable tools for fostering connection and well-being in an increasingly disconnected world.

 

Keywords: Buddhist Philosophy, Chronic Loneliness, Emotional Resilience, Meditation and Mindfulness.

 

Reference

·         Briggs, P. (2022). Buddhist Philosophy and Mental Health: Lessons for the 21st Century. BJPsych Open, 8, S18 - S18.

·         Crowe, C.L., Liu, L., Bagnarol, N., & Fried, L. (2022). Loneliness prevention and the role of the Public Health system. Perspectives in Public Health, 144, 31 - 38.

·         Hanrinth, R., & Rungreangkulkij, S. (2012). Buddhist-oriented individual counseling for depressed chronic illness patients.

·         Langgapin, S., Boonchieng, W., Chautrakarn, S., & Maneeton, N. (2024). Senior Mental Health Scenarios in Thai Buddhist Contexts: A Qualitative Study. Religions.

·         Morr, M., Liu, X., Hurlemann, R., Becker, B., & Scheele, D. (2022). Chronic Loneliness: Neurocognitive Mechanisms and Interventions. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 91, 227 - 237.

·         Rokach, A., & Patel, K. (2024). The health consequences of loneliness. Environment and Social Psychology.

 08th International Buddhist Conference of Bhiksu University of Sri Lanka – Anuradhapura on 21^st of November 2024.  

"Buddhism for Global Well-being and Qualitative Transformation"